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Battle of Klushino
The Battle of Klushino, or the Battle of Kłuszyn was fought on 4 July 1610, between forces of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Tsardom of Russia during the Polish–Muscovite War, part of Russia's Time of Troubles. The battle occurred near the village of Klushino ((ポーランド語:Kłuszyn)) near Smolensk (Polish: ''Smoleńsk''). In the battle the outnumbered Polish force secured a decisive victory over Russia, due to the tactical competence of hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski and the military prowess of Polish hussars, the elite of the army of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. The battle is remembered as one of the greatest triumphs of the Polish cavalry and an example of excellence and supremacy of the Polish military at the time.
==Background==
In 1610, in response to the Polish advance on Russia, Russians and Swedes formed an alliance, and launched an operation known as the De la Gardie Campaign.〔 A Russian army under Prince Dmitry Shuisky was heading towards the besieged fortress of Smolensk, but was intercepted by Polish forces.〔 In the meantime, Shuisky divided his forces into several smaller units.〔
The Polish forces of about 12,000 under hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski encountered the advance Russian force of 8,000 under Grigory Valuyev and attempted to attack it soon after dawn on 24 June, but Russians were able to fortify their positions at Tsaryovo-Zaymishche camp.〔 The Russian troops found themselves encircled and trapped in their camp, but the main force under Shuisky, of about 35,000, was only days away.〔 Russia, however, did not know the real strength of the Polish, and how greatly they outnumbered them.〔 Further, the besieged advance unit failed to notify Shuisky that it had encountered the Polish army.〔 On the other hand, Żółkiewski was confident in his powerful hussars, and decided to press with the attack.〔 On 3 July he decided to leave part of his forces besieging the camp, and take the most mobile units against Shuisky's troops.〔 The ruse was successful, as the besieged troops never realized that the bulk of the Polish army was temporarily engaged elsewhere, and neither was Shuisky aware of the Polish movements nor expecting a major engagement.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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